"COVID-19, a major
disaster of the 21st
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| covid 19 |
"Abstract"
The outbreak of COVID-19 infection started as pneumonia in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, spreading quickly out of Wuhan to different nations. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). On March 11, 2020, the WHO announced coronavirus as a pandemic. Coronavirus is thought to be increasing in Pakistan. The first case of coronavirus was reported from Karachi on February 26, 2020, with an estimated populace of Pakistan as 204.65 million. The number of COVID-19 positive cases in Pakistan can rise to 200,000 by mid-July if "effective interventions" are not taken. The WHO warned it as it estimated the magnitude of the disease in the upcoming days. To measure the final size of COVID-19, it requires accurate forecasting of spread based on confirmed cases. The first objective approach of this report is to forecast the number of cases in the coming days in Pakistan. The secondary objective of this report is to outline public health and social measures useful for slowing or stopping the spread of COVID-19 at the national or community level."These all information is from data and strong sources excluded any personal opinion."
"Literature review of covid-19"
Virology, Coronavirus is significant viral pathogens in humans and animals. The word corona comes from the Latin word that means “crown.” Human coronaviruses are alpha and beta coronaviruses. They are medium-sized viruses enveloping a positive-stranded RNA. Many cases of a common cold are due to the Coronavirus. They have cause two substantial scale-up breaks in the past two decades. The SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus in 2002 and the MERS
(Middle East respiratory syndrome) in 2012.
Generally, it has been considered that these coronaviruses are evolved in animals and then jumped into human beings through a suitable host. Covid-19 is an example of a disease believed to jumped from bats to pangolin to humans and via local seafood in the city of china. It was found in 2019. This virus is renamed as SARS-COV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and was named because its structure very closely resemble to SARS virus. This is the seventh known Coronavirus to infect humans.
By looking into the structure, it has a series of proteins spikes on its surface that appears like a crown, and it has low pathogenicity. Four structural proteins are similar to other coronaviruses the S, E, M, and the N protein. S stands for the spike, E stands for envelopes, M stands for membrane, and the N stands for the nuclear capsid. Spike is responsible for the attachment of the virus to the host cells. This protein has a 20 times higher affinity to bind with receptors than the SARS virus. That’s the reason why it spread more easily. Thee protein is found to be the smallest of the major structural protein of the viral envelope. It is responsible for the release of the virus from the host cells. Initially, it can get into the upper respiratory tract, and that’s why you get the symptoms like the common cold, stuffy nose, headache, and fever. With time it gets ale to move further into the lower respiratory tract where viral application occurs, and lung collision can happen immediately.
"Epidemiology"
In December 2019 outbreak of pneumonia of unknown causes occurred in the city of china Wuhan. WHO nominated it SARS-CoV-2 to characterized the linkage of the virus with any geographic location and related it to the disease symptomatically. Although this outbreak is likely to originate from the zoonotic origin, researchers also proved it's human to human transmission. Corona was declared as pandemic on 11 march, 2020 due to worldwide expansion of algorithm. Genetic similarities have been found to study between the SARS outbreak in 2002 and covid-19.
"Clinical presentation of covid-19"
Currently, there is no specific vaccination recommended by the WHO (world health organization). Still, numbers of drugs with antiviral effects (lopinavir, ritonavir), antimalarial effects (hydroxychloroquine), and various immune-modulating agents are of great interest re-purposing covid-19 treatment. Data available for these agents are limited to in-vitro studies.
overall percentage of different symptoms are listed as,
(Pramath Kakodkar, 2020)
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| covid 19 |
Multiple courses of COVID-19 need optimization. The primary obstruction in developmental courses is the conduction of misinformation due to social media. This literature review has the primary goal of providing the most accurate acquisition of COVID-19 and its disease management courses and public health intervention.
Out of hundreds of coronaviruses circulating in animals, only seven of them affect humans, and four provide symptoms related to common cold and flu. Regarding the history of 20 years, three times coronaviruses jumped into human beings to cause life-threatening conditions. The rapid spread of this virus has grabbed much of the world's attention. The crisis has yet to play its game, but it will occur globally and medical science working on the front line of saving this world from this disaster. (Treacy, 2020)
Although it was first detected in Wuhan, now almost 179 countries are facing this dreadful pandemic. Health officials of the WHO and other professionals are working day and night to overcome the spread of novel coronaviruses by standard precautions such as social distancing, impeding travel restriction, and self-quarantine. (a)
Based on all the above discussion, the coronavirus seems to have moderate pathogenicity; however, further biological and epidemiological data is required for risk assessment and response, leading to better prevention of COVID-10 throughout the world. Preparation of vaccines and anti-corona viral drugs is still under processing in laboratories of the United States and China. Its outbreak can only be control by interrupting the transmission from human to human. Virus eradication will be possible by the joint effort of the whole community. Thus, the education of the city and strengthening their confidence in government policies are essential factors to implement.
IPC recommends washing hands for 40-60 seconds. Patients having coughed sneezing and fever should be kept at a distance of 1m away from another person. Consider having masks and tissues available for patients in all area.covid-19 is spread by droplets when an infected person coughs and sneezes, so pharmacists must adopt policies and procedures to ensure routine cleaning of pharmacy, especially commonly touch surfaces and items. Areas for prescription drop-off and pick-up should be disinfected as soon as possible.
Implementing the elements of standard precautions by the health care professional community includes the following points: their incredible role.
• respiratory hygiene
• use of Personal protective equipment according to the risk
• safe injection practices, sharp management, and injury prevention
• secure handling, cleaning, and disinfection of patient-care equipment
• environmental cleaning
• waste management
“References"
2,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120304329
3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.019
Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig M (April 06, 2020) A Comprehensive Literature
Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 12(4): e7560. DOI:10.7759/cureus.7560
4 https://www.atrainceu.com/content/260-covid-19-novel-coronavirus-course-intro
5 https://twas.org/article/statement-covid-19
6, https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
7,
1 Comments
Very informative👍
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